How Common is Lung Cancer?
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, lung cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in the United States. Skin cancer is the most common, followed by breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men. Lung cancer is the most fatal type of cancer for both men and women, with an estimated 238,000 cases and 127,000 deaths projected for 2023.
Types of Lung Cancers
There are two main types of lung cancers: small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SCLC has smaller cancer cells when viewed under a microscope compared to NSCLC. NSCLC includes subtypes like adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. SCLC tends to grow and spread faster than NSCLC, often beyond the lungs. Most SCLC cases occur in current or former smokers, while NSCLC is more common overall and has a strong association with smoking. Adenocarcinoma, the most common type of lung cancer in non-smokers, affects younger individuals and occurs more frequently in women.
Risk Factors for Lung Cancer
Smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of lung cancer deaths. The risk increases with the duration and intensity of smoking. Contrary to popular belief, cigar and pipe smoking, as well as smoking “light” or flavored cigarettes, also raise the risk. Second-hand smoke exposure is another significant risk factor. Environmental factors such as radon and asbestos exposure, previous radiation therapy to the chest, and a family history of lung cancer can also contribute to increased risk. Outdoor air pollution is believed to account for 1% to 2% of lung cancer deaths in the US.
Symptoms of Lung Cancer
Early symptoms of lung cancer are often nonspecific, including a persistent cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest discomfort. Additional symptoms may include hoarseness, coughing up blood, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, and bone pain. As the cancer spreads, it can cause jaundice, resulting in yellowing of the skin, and other symptoms related to pressure on blood vessels and other structures.
The Importance of Early Detection
Early detection is crucial in treating lung cancer and improving survival rates. Screening is recommended for individuals at high risk who do not exhibit symptoms. The American Cancer Society expanded their guidelines to recommend low-dose CT scans for a larger population, as research shows the benefits outweigh the potential downsides. Those experiencing symptoms should seek immediate medical attention to diagnose the underlying cause.
Available Treatments
Treatment options for lung cancer depend on the type, stage, and overall health of the patient. Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy are some of the treatment modalities. Surgery may be suitable for localized lung cancer, while advanced cases may require therapies to manage symptoms and prolong life.
Reducing the Risk of Lung Cancer
The most effective way to reduce the risk of lung cancer is to quit smoking. Studies have shown that smoking cessation can significantly lower the risk, even among heavy smokers. Resources from the American Lung Association and healthcare providers can aid in smoking cessation. Minimizing exposure to second-hand smoke, occupational hazards, and radon can also help reduce the risk. Adopting a healthy lifestyle through diet and exercise may provide further protective benefits and improve overall health.
