If you’ve conducted any research on skin care, you’ve likely come across the term “free radicals.” Dermatologists often discuss “free radical damage” without fully explaining what it means. Additionally, free radicals are linked to the development of cancer and other health issues. Although the term may sound like a rebellious group from the 1960s, it actually has significance in dermatology. So, what exactly are free radicals? Below, dermatologists provide a comprehensive breakdown of what you need to know about free radicals from a skin care perspective, including their impact and how to effectively deal with them.
Free radicals, also known as reactive oxygen species, are unstable molecules that form when chemical changes occur in a normal cell. These molecules possess an unpaired electron, making them highly reactive and unstable. Without a partner to stabilize them, these solo electrons can interact with other molecules through a process called oxidation, leading to cell damage and DNA damage. Various factors contribute to the accumulation of free radicals, both from internal physiological reactions and external pollutants. Natural biological processes in the body’s metabolism can generate free radicals, but they are often derived from external sources we encounter daily, such as sun exposure, smoking, pollution, and toxins. UV radiation from the sun, in particular, is a major source of free radicals and can contribute up to 80% of skin damage.
So, what do free radicals do? These molecules, with their extra electron, are inherently unstable. Their instability drives them to steal an electron from something stable, disrupting the stability and causing cellular and DNA damage. If not neutralized, free radicals can accumulate and wreak havoc on the body. They target macromolecules like DNA, lipids, cell membranes, and proteins, resulting in cellular damage. This process is known as oxidative stress. Normally, our body’s natural defense system and certain antioxidant-rich foods, such as vitamins A, C, and E, help counteract harmful free radicals. However, an imbalance can occur when these molecules outnumber our body’s ability to neutralize them, leading to cell damage, cell death, and potential progression to skin cancer. Aging also weakens the body’s natural defense system, exacerbating the effects of free radicals. In addition to an increased risk of skin cancer, free radical damage also manifests in premature signs of aging on the skin. It can contribute to collagen loss, causing skin laxity, fine lines, wrinkles, discoloration, hyperpigmentation, dullness, inflammation, acne, and rosacea.
Thankfully, there are lifestyle changes that can help mitigate the negative effects of free radicals. To counter free radical damage, it is crucial to prevent and protect against UV radiation from the sun. Wearing sunscreen daily and limiting sun exposure are effective strategies. Many sunscreens now contain antioxidants, which are instrumental in neutralizing free radicals. Antioxidants, like vitamins C and E, also possess an unpaired electron but preferentially take an unpaired electron from a free radical to stabilize it and prevent damage.
To combat free radical damage, adopt a twofold approach using both topical and dietary antioxidants. Start by taking a multivitamin with antioxidants to supplement your diet with minerals that aid in repair processes. Additionally, consume plenty of colorful fruits and vegetables, as they serve as natural reservoirs for antioxidants. Incorporate antioxidant-rich foods like blueberries, artichokes, and kale into your diet.
Topical application of antioxidant products can also help neutralize free radicals. Look for skincare products containing antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, zinc, copper, selenium, and various botanicals. Applying a vitamin C serum to your face and neck before moisturizer and sunscreen is beneficial. Some recommended antioxidant-rich skincare products include Vichy Mineral 89 Prebiotic Recovery and Defense Concentrate, Revision Skincare Intellishade TruPhysical, and Charlotte Tilbury Invisible UV Flawless Primer SPF 50. Using antioxidant products in the morning can reduce the impact of free radicals generated throughout the day. At night, incorporate reparative ingredients like niacinamide and hyaluronic acid to help the skin recover from daily stressors. Niacinamide, a form of vitamin B3, can reduce photoaging caused by free radicals. Research has shown that taking niacinamide orally can decrease the risk of pre-cancers and non-melanoma skin cancers by up to 25%. Other anti-aging ingredients, products, and procedures, such as retinoids and glycolic acid, can also help counter the damage caused by free radicals.
When looking for skincare products with niacinamide, consider options like CeraVe AM Facial Moisturizing Lotion with SPF 30, PCA Skin Vitamin B3 brightening serum, Alastin Restorative Skin Complex, Alpyn Beauty wild nettle and niacinamide firming serum, The Ordinary niacinamide 10% + Zinc 1%, and The Inkey List niacinamide oil control serum. It’s important to ensure you apply a layer of moisture before sunscreen, especially if you have dry skin. EltaMD Barrier Renewal Complex and EltaMD UV Clear Broad-Spectrum SPF 46 are highly recommended products that work well together. Paula’s Choice offers a 10% niacinamide booster for gentle repair of enlarged pores and dull complexion, and a niacinamide 20% treatment for more intensive pore and post-acne lesion repair.
Counteracting the damaging effects of free radicals requires a holistic approach, from protecting against UV radiation to incorporating antioxidants into your diet and skincare routine. By implementing these strategies, you can mitigate the harmful effects of free radical damage and maintain healthier, more youthful-looking skin.
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