In his memoir titled “Witness to Grace” (2008), he reflects on being the unwanted child of a Yale University professor of religion who was an agnostic, and a mother with whom he had no bond. Growing up in an emotionally distant household, he felt lonely and struggled with dyslexia, with only his three siblings, a family dog, and a maid for companionship. At the age of 12, he was sent to a private boarding school and had limited contact with his parents.
Through patience, counseling, and immense determination to better himself, he overcame his difficulties with reading. He pursued studies in Latin and Greek at Groton, excelled in mathematics at Yale, delved into meteorology in the Army Air Forces during World War II, and explored physics under the guidance of eminent scientists such as Clarence Zener, Edward Teller, and Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago. Eventually, he obtained his doctorate in 1952.
During the 1950s and ’60s at M.I.T.’s Lincoln Laboratory, he contributed significantly to the development of random access memory (RAM) in computers and played a pivotal role in designing the nation’s inaugural air defense system. However, as federal funding for his work at M.I.T. came to an end in 1976, he relocated to Oxford where he assumed teaching responsibilities and managed a chemistry lab. It was during this period that he initiated his groundbreaking battery research.
In essence, a battery is a device that facilitates the movement of electrically charged atoms, known as ions, from one end to the other. This movement generates an electrical current which powers any device connected to the battery. The battery consists of two electrodes: a negative one called the anode, and a positive one called the cathode. The electrolyte, located between the electrodes, serves as a medium through which the ions travel.
When a battery releases energy, positively charged ions move from the anode to the cathode, creating an electric current. To recharge the battery, it is connected to a power supply which causes the ions to move back to the anode, where they are stored until needed again. The materials chosen for the anode, cathode, and electrolyte greatly influence the quantity and speed of the ions, thereby impacting the battery’s overall power.
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