The long-term effects of COVID-19 on our health are still unknown, but it is evident that many people experience intense symptoms that can last for months or even years. One area that COVID-19 can significantly impact is the cardiovascular system. Research and medical professionals have observed that the coronavirus and long COVID can lead to a range of heart issues, from minor complications to more severe problems. However, the exact mechanisms behind this are not fully understood.
Dr. Jim Liu, a cardiologist at Ohio State University’s Wexner Medical Center, explains that potential theories include increased inflammation of the heart and arteries, as well as low oxygen levels. While the reasons for these effects remain a mystery, it is clear that they can occur. In this article, doctors provide insights into how a COVID-19 infection can affect the heart and offer tips on protecting oneself.
While most COVID infections do not result in heart issues, certain groups are at a higher risk. Dr. Allison Zielinski, a cardiologist at Northwestern Medicine in Illinois, reassures that severe complications are rare in mild cases or in healthy individuals. However, the risk of complications increases with severe disease, especially if hospitalization or intubation is required. Older individuals, those with preexisting cardiovascular disease, immunosuppressed individuals, and those with other medical conditions like high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes are also at higher risk.
For those who do experience heart issues during or after a COVID-19 infection, the range of symptoms can vary. Inflammation of the heart muscle, known as myocarditis, or the lining surrounding the heart, called pericarditis, can occur. While myocarditis can lead to heart failure in severe cases, it usually resolves without long-term complications. Irregular heartbeat or arrhythmias can also arise in individuals with severe COVID-19 infections, some of which can be fatal if left untreated. Another condition called postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) may develop as a consequence of long COVID, causing symptoms such as dizziness, increased heart rate, and fatigue.
Additionally, a study led by Dr. Martha Gulati, the director of preventive cardiology at Cedars-Sinai in California, found that individuals who had a heart attack while having COVID-19 had a higher risk of death. These patients were also more likely to require a ventilator and hemodialysis. The respiratory effects of COVID-19 can put stress on the heart, potentially contributing to heart attacks. The study also revealed disparities in outcomes and care, with Black, Asian, Hispanic, and Pacific Islander patients experiencing worse outcomes and receiving lower levels of care.
In some rare cases, COVID-19 infection can directly cause cardiovascular issues. Long COVID can also present additional heart problems. Zielinski explains that these effects can be categorized into two groups: cardiovascular diseases, which have objective abnormalities on cardiac testing such as myocarditis or pericarditis, and cardiovascular symptoms, which lack clear objective abnormalities but still affect patients. Common cardiovascular symptoms associated with long COVID include heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, and an exaggerated heart rate. While the risk factors mentioned earlier apply to long COVID as well, this condition can also affect individuals who had only a mild infection and were previously healthy and active.
It is estimated that 6% of adults experience long COVID, but only a fraction of them will develop cardiovascular symptoms. It is crucial to consult a doctor if any of the above symptoms occur after a COVID infection. While there is no foolproof way to prevent cardiovascular impacts, maintaining heart health can be beneficial. Managing cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity, as well as adopting a healthy lifestyle by consuming lean protein, fruits and vegetables, exercising regularly, managing cholesterol and blood pressure, and quitting smoking can help prepare the body for any potential infection.
In conclusion, it is important to recognize that COVID-19 can have significant effects on the cardiovascular system. While the exact mechanisms behind these effects are not fully understood, research and medical professionals have observed a range of heart issues associated with the virus. Certain groups, such as older individuals and those with preexisting cardiovascular conditions or other medical conditions, are at a higher risk. Long COVID can also lead to cardiovascular complications, and it is essential to seek medical attention if any related symptoms occur. Prioritizing heart health through healthy lifestyle choices can help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system.
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