The Potential of Remdesivir
Remdesivir, originally developed by Gilead Sciences to combat Ebola, is a broad-spectrum antiviral that has shown promise in inhibiting coronaviruses like Sars and Mers. It targets a key viral enzyme, disrupting the virus’ ability to replicate. While its intravenous administration restricts its availability to hospital settings, experts anticipate its effectiveness will be determined within the next month.
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine: Early-Stage Treatment Options
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, malaria treatments tested during World War II, have demonstrated potential in preventing the entry of the virus into cells during the early stages of a coronavirus infection. These drugs were used to treat patients during the Sars outbreak and hold the advantage of being cost-effective and easily manufactured, making wider distribution possible, even in weaker health systems. Small studies in France and China have reported faster recovery rates in patients without severe symptoms who were given hydroxychloroquine. Large-scale trials, including their use as a preventive measure for individuals at risk of exposure, are ongoing.
Ritonavir and Lopinavir: A HIV Combination Drug
Ritonavir and lopinavir, a combination drug used to treat HIV patients, may offer inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2. Administered to already sick individuals, these drugs interfere with virus replication. While side effects like diarrhea restrict their use as preventive drugs for healthy individuals, early success was reported when combining HIV drugs with oseltamivir during the outbreak’s early stages. Previous studies were inconclusive due to their small sample sizes, and ongoing trials seek to provide more definitive results.
Treating Inflammation and Immune Response
In late-stage coronavirus infections, patients often experience severe inflammation, known as a cytokine storm, which can be fatal. Large-scale trials include therapies such as dexamethasone and interferon-beta, aimed at reducing inflammation in critically ill patients and potentially used in combination with other drugs. Careful control is necessary to avoid targeting the wrong aspect of inflammation and exacerbating the situation. Monoclonal antibodies, like tocilizumab used for rheumatoid arthritis, are also being trialed to manage the overactive immune response against the virus.
Convalescent Plasma Therapy: Utilizing Antibodies from Recovered Patients
Convalescent plasma therapy involves transfusing patients with plasma obtained from individuals who have recovered from Covid-19. The plasma contains antibodies that may effectively combat the infection. This therapy has been used successfully during previous coronavirus outbreaks like Mers and Sars, as well as during the Spanish flu pandemic in the early 20th century.
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