Babies exposed to a set of common chemicals while in the womb may be at higher risk of gaining weight rapidly during early childhood, according to a recent study. This research, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, identified a strong connection between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during pregnancy and a rapid increase in a child’s body mass index (BMI) from birth to 9 years of age.
The category of chemicals studied includes per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as “forever chemicals” due to their slow degradation, as well as certain compounds used in fungicides and pesticides. These chemicals can be found in everyday items such as nonstick cookware, cosmetic products, plastic food containers, and even in some meat and fish. They are known to interact with humans’ endocrine systems by mimicking natural hormones.
The study analyzed data from over 1,900 pairs of mothers and children in Spain, collected from 2003 to 2008. Blood and urine samples were taken from the women during pregnancy to measure the concentration of EDCs in their bodies. The researchers then measured the children’s BMIs at various points up to the age of 9. The results showed that babies with higher exposure to EDCs before birth were more likely to be born smaller than average but experience rapid growth during their early years. Two specific chemicals were also associated with a higher risk of rapid BMI gain in babies born larger than average.
Lead author Parisa Montazeri, a scientific coordinator at the Barcelona Institute for Global Health, explained that EDCs can mimic or block hormones involved in the food breakdown process, potentially altering the body’s hunger cues and sensitivity to sugar and fats. This disruption may contribute to weight issues in children.
Montazeri emphasized the importance of addressing this issue, as a rapid increase in BMI during childhood is linked to long-term health problems including obesity, fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. By identifying early factors that contribute to these issues, doctors can intervene to reduce the risk of disease later in life.
In addition to PFAS, other concerning chemicals include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are used in electrical equipment and oil-based paints. While some endocrine disruptors like phthalates and parabens don’t stay in the body for long, they can still be regularly encountered through personal care products.
Experts highlight the particular concern surrounding chemical exposure during pregnancy due to the ongoing development of a fetus’ organs. Dr. Brigid Gregg, an assistant professor of pediatric endocrinology at the University of Michigan, emphasizes that exposure during this critical period can have a greater impact on a baby’s long-term development.
Past studies have also linked EDCs to childhood weight gain. For instance, a June study found an association between PFAS exposure in the womb and an increased risk of obesity in children and adolescents. Another study published in 2021 showed a higher risk of infants becoming overweight due to exposure to certain pesticides during pregnancy. A 2020 study found a link between prenatal exposure to phthalates and bisphenols and increased fat around the heart in children.
However, most studies have focused on the effects of individual chemicals, whereas this new study examines how a combination of chemicals can impact childhood development. Dr. Leonardo Trasande, a pediatrics professor at New York University, urges the need for regulations that reduce people’s overall exposure to EDCs.
Can pregnant women reduce their exposure?
Montazeri suggests several adjustments pregnant women can make to limit their exposure to EDCs. These include avoiding storing food in plastic containers, refraining from heating plastic in the microwave, and using stainless steel or cast-iron cookware instead of nonstick pans. Pregnant women should also be cautious about consuming large fish with potentially higher concentrations of mercury and chemicals. Choosing organic food when possible and checking for parabens and phthalates in personal care products are also recommended.
Dr. Trasande emphasizes the need for proactive measures to reduce people’s exposure to EDCs and hopes to see new regulations implemented in the United States.
