Common cancer screenings aimed at early detection and treatment may not have as much impact on life expectancy as initially believed. In a comprehensive analysis of 2.1 million individuals participating in six different cancer screenings, researchers found that only colon cancer screenings showed a significant increase in life expectancy, adding a little over three months compared to those who were not screened. However, experts caution against canceling other screenings as additional data suggests that they do reduce the risk of dying from cancer.
The study examined deaths from all causes, not just cancer, so there could be various reasons why screenings don’t necessarily extend life. One potential reason is the potential harms associated with certain tests, such as the risk of colon perforation or heart attack. False negatives can also give individuals a false sense of security. Dr. William Dahut, Chief Scientific Officer for the American Cancer Society, explains that the goal of cancer screenings is to decrease premature deaths from cancer, rather than extending someone’s lifespan. Cancer screenings are not meant to guarantee living to be 100 years old, but rather to address the fact that cancer is a leading cause of death.
While doctors in the US recommend specific tests based on age and risk factors, a meta-analysis of 18 clinical trials casts doubt on the effectiveness of six common screenings. The analysis followed over 2.1 million American cancer patients and found that a sigmoidoscopy, a screening for colon cancer, showed the most increase in life expectancy, adding 110 days. Lung cancer screenings also showed an increase of 107 days. However, mammograms, PSA tests, colonoscopies, and FOBT screenings did not significantly impact life expectancy. This study, along with previous evidence, suggests that more screenings do not necessarily equate to saving more lives at the population level.
While cancer screenings are encouraged and reimbursed by many health insurance companies, there is little attention given to the potential downsides. Over-diagnosis and false positives can lead to unnecessary treatment and costly follow-up tests. However, the researchers note that they do not advocate abandoning all screenings. Some screenings may still be worthwhile, but institutions and policymakers should find alternative ways to encourage them without solely focusing on their life-saving potential. It’s important to note that the estimates of added life expectancy are uncertain and can vary significantly.
Ultimately, while cancer screenings may not significantly extend a person’s lifespan, they can still play a crucial role in detecting cancer early, giving individuals a better chance at survival and leading healthier lives within their original lifespan.
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