CNN — Singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett, who passed away on September 1st, had a rare form of skin cancer known as Merkel cell carcinoma. While skin cancer is relatively common in the United States, Merkel cell carcinoma is not well-known. This type of cancer was named after German scientist Friedrich Merkel, who discovered the Merkel cells in 1875. Merkel cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell found in the epidermis, the surface of the skin. They are located near nerve endings that are responsible for the sense of touch. When these cells grow uncontrollably, it results in Merkel cell carcinoma. The exact cause of this cancer is still unknown, but it is believed to be related to UV light exposure, a weakened immune system, and the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), which is present in most tumors of this cancer. MCV is typically contracted in childhood, but does not cause any symptoms. The virus was discovered in 2008.
Merkel cell carcinoma typically appears on the face, neck, or other sun-exposed areas of the body such as the arms. It can also develop in places like the inside of the nose or esophagus. Unlike melanoma, which is characterized by dark spots, Merkel cell carcinoma appears as a raised red or purple lump. It may sometimes be mistaken for a cyst, although cysts tend to be painful while this type of cancer is not. Buffett, who was 76 years old at the time of his death, had been living with Merkel cell carcinoma for four years, according to his official website. The chances of surviving at least five years after diagnosis are relatively good if the cancer is caught early – around 75%, according to the American Cancer Society. However, if the cancer has spread beyond the skin, the five-year survival rate drops to 24%. Although Merkel cell carcinoma is rare, it is the second leading cause of skin cancer-related deaths after melanoma.
This cancer is particularly dangerous because it grows and spreads rapidly, and has a tendency to recur after treatment, usually within two to three years of diagnosis. Men are twice as likely to develop Merkel cell carcinoma than women. The majority of cases occur in white individuals, and about 80% of patients are 70 years old or older. The risks may be linked to a person’s lifetime exposure to sun damage, according to the American Cancer Society. Due to the limited research on this type of cancer, it is difficult to determine the most effective treatments. The American Cancer Society recommends that individuals with Merkel cell carcinoma consider participating in clinical trials to access the latest treatment options.
The first step in diagnosing Merkel cell carcinoma is typically a biopsy of the suspicious spot, followed by surgical removal of the spot and surrounding tissues. A biopsy of a nearby sentinel lymph node may also be performed to determine if the cancer has spread. Chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy may be recommended based on the stage of the cancer. While there is no foolproof way to prevent Merkel cell carcinoma, there are measures individuals can take to protect themselves. Regular self-examinations of the skin and routine check-ups with a doctor are crucial for early detection. The American Academy of Dermatology provides free skin cancer screenings nationwide each year. Enhancing the immune system may also reduce the risk of cancer, as per recommendations from the CDC. This includes getting enough sleep, moderating alcohol consumption, avoiding smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and exercising regularly. Taking measures to protect against harmful UV rays is also important. Avoiding tanning beds, seeking shade when outdoors, and wearing protective clothing, hats, and sunglasses are advised by the American Cancer Society. Children should also wear protective clothing and sunscreen. Babies under six months of age should be kept out of direct sunlight, as sun damage can accumulate over time. Even on cloudy or cold days, it is crucial to wear sunscreen on the face. Many lotions and makeup products contain UV protection. The US Dermatological Association suggests using water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. When in direct sunlight, the Environmental Working Group recommends using lotion sunscreens instead of sticks. Apply about an ounce of sunscreen, equivalent to a shot glass, every two hours while in the sun.
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