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OpenAI, the developer behind the ChatGPT language model, stands as the best-funded and largest AI platform company in the industry, with funding exceeding $10 billion and a valuation close to $30 billion. While OpenAI is utilized by Microsoft, other tech giants like Google, Meta, Apple, and Amazon have their own AI platforms. Additionally, Silicon Valley houses hundreds of other AI startups. The question is, will industry forces drive one of these entities to emerge as a dominant monopoly?
When Google entered the search business, numerous search platforms such as Yahoo, AltaVista, Excite, and InfoSeek were already established. Many questioned the necessity of another search engine. However, Google’s exceptional performance and networking effects propelled it to become an online monopoly.
Networking effects demonstrate their power through Amazon, which commands nearly 60% of the online commerce market. Buyers flock to Amazon because it offers the largest selection of product suppliers, while sellers are drawn to the platform due to its extensive customer base. Even if a competing site were to surpass Amazon’s performance, it would be incredibly challenging to overcome these established networking effects.
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Google introduced a groundbreaking page-ranking system that users immediately recognized as superior to its predecessors. The rapidly expanding catalog of online sites combined with more accurate search results attracted users to Google, and advertisers followed suit to reach this vast audience.
Bias in AI or artificial intelligence might not end up being an issue because it’s not likely any one AI will dominate the market. (iStock)
Similar to the past, earlier search platforms faded away. Facebook, utilizing the same networking effects, became a monopoly as users abandoned existing platforms like Friendster and MySpace in favor of joining Facebook. It became the largest platform where users could effortlessly connect with their online friends.
AI platforms, unlike search and social media platforms, do not appear to exhibit the same networking effects. AI platforms resemble online publishers such as the New York Times or Fox News online sites. They aggregate existing information and generate new content based on this acquired intelligence. With no networking effects favoring one dominant news publisher, it seems unlikely that AI platforms will eventually succumb to a single monopolistic company.
If AI companies operate as publishers instead of “computer services providers” as specified by the Section 230 law, they are not entitled to the legal liability protections granted by Section 230.
Unlike simply sharing third-party content, these platforms receive and analyze the content to publish new material, operating similarly to traditional publishers like the Times and Fox News.
The inputs utilized for AI platforms, known as training data, are scraped from various online news sites and social media platforms like Twitter. If an AI platform primarily relies on right-wing news sites for training data, the resulting AI content will reflect a right-wing bias. Similarly, if a platform predominantly relies on liberal news media, the content generated will reflect a left-wing bias.
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AI platforms only introduce censorship concerns if they conceal the biases present in their training data or if they impose restrictions on their AI content outputs. For example, allowing specific content for leaders of one political party while disallowing similar content for the other political party.
In science fiction films like “The Matrix” and “Bladerunner,” AI content portrays the risk of reflecting only the existing consensus or governmental narrative. This emphasizes the importance of AI platforms being required to transparently disclose the specific sources and sites of their training data while publishing content.
Earlier search platforms quickly withered and died. Facebook became a monopoly with the same networking effects as users left existing platforms like Friendster and MySpace to join Facebook, and it became the biggest platform where users could more easily find their online friends.
Considering the abundance of AI platforms, enabling users to choose preferred platforms by transparently publishing their training data sources/sites and biases seems likely.
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Given the numerous AI platforms, its unlikely that one platform will dominate as a monopoly. Therefore, greater attention should be directed towards existing monopoly platforms in the search, online video, and social media sectors. These platforms control substantially more content and act as gatekeepers for public and private discussions encompassing new and sometimes controversial subjects.
The four guardrails of online content moderation – safety, neutrality, transparency, and accountability – apply to both AI platforms and online search and social media platforms. However, the need for neutrality is particularly urgent in relation to existing monopolistic platforms that currently possess the ability to freely censor content based on viewpoint or the prevailing consensus opinion of their favored political organizations.
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