For over 50 years, I have dedicated my studies to the evolving relationship between white and Black Americans. My first scholarly article, published in 1972 while I was a graduate student at the University of Chicago, focused on Black political power in the industrial Midwest following the riots of the late 1960s. However, my personal experience with race relations in America goes even further back. I was born in the Mississippi Delta during World War II, in a cabin on what was once a plantation. In my early childhood, I moved to northern Indiana, where, as a Black person in the early 1950s, I was constantly reminded of the limitations imposed on me and the consequences of exceeding them. The image of Emmett Till’s lifeless body, which I saw in Jet magazine in 1955, profoundly impressed upon my generation of Black children that failure to navigate white spaces carefully could even result in death.
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