Ultra-processed foods, such as sugary drinks, potato chips, and ready meals, can trigger withdrawal symptoms comparable to those experienced when quitting smoking, according to a team of researchers who are advocating for the labeling of certain products as “addictive.” A report published in the British Medical Journal found that 14% of adults and 12% of children worldwide are addicted to ultra-processed foods, while tobacco addiction affects 18% of adults globally. The researchers examined 281 studies from 36 countries to identify foods with addictive potential, and found that foods high in refined carbohydrates, such as sugars, breakfast cereal, and pasta, are most likely to be addictive. Ultra-processed foods are industrially produced products that contain unpronounceable ingredients and are not made in a home kitchen. On the other hand, minimally processed foods include frozen fruits and vegetables, pasteurized milk, and fermented plain yogurts, while processed foods are whole foods with added salt, sugar, or fat. Statistics Canada reported that almost half of the daily calories consumed by Canadians come from ultra-processed foods, with children and youth being the highest consumers. The researchers argue that addictive behaviors related to ultra-processed food could meet the criteria for diagnosis of use disorder, as these people may have less control over their food intake, experience intense cravings, and display withdrawal symptoms. The researchers note that refined carbohydrates or fats in these foods can lead to an increase in dopamine levels in the brain, similar to the effects of addictive substances like nicotine and alcohol. The study challenges the narrative that food addiction is solely a matter of personal choice or willpower, and emphasizes the role of intentionally engineered and ubiquitous “irresistible and delicious” foods in driving addiction. Breaking the cycle of food addiction may require the help of therapists or healthcare professionals, who can provide individuals with the tools needed to overcome addiction. The researchers believe that recognizing ultra-processed food addiction as an official diagnosis could promote further research and inform clinical management, social justice, and public policy decisions.
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