This article was originally published in Hakai Magazine.
The Galápagos Islands are known for their unique ecology, but by the late 19th century, human activities had disrupted the natural balance. The introduction of invasive species like goats and rats had devastating effects on the native wildlife, including the Galápagos giant tortoise. On Española, one of the islands in the archipelago, the tortoise population declined drastically, and the landscape transformed from a lush savanna to a barren wasteland.
In an effort to restore the Galápagos giant tortoise population and revive the island ecosystem, conservationists took action. They eradicated the invasive species, bred the remaining tortoises in captivity, and reintroduced nearly 2,000 captive-bred tortoises to Española from 1963 to 1974. Since then, the tortoises have flourished in the wild, with an estimated population of 3,000. Their presence has had a transformative impact, reducing woody plants, expanding grasslands, and spreading vital seeds.
The return of the tortoises has not only benefited the ecosystem but also helped the critically endangered waved albatross. By trampling vegetation and preventing tree growth, the tortoises create clear pathways for the albatrosses to take off and land. They also play a crucial role in the survival of prickly-pear cactuses by grazing on fallen leaves and dispersing seeds through their dung.
A recent study by conservation scientist James Gibbs and giant-tortoise-restoration program director Washington Tapia Aguilera confirms the significant ecological impact of the tortoises. The researchers observed changes in the landscape and vegetation density through satellite imagery and fencing experiments. They found that even just one or two tortoises per hectare can trigger noticeable shifts in the environment.
The findings have positive implications for future rewilding projects involving giant-tortoise restoration. While Española still has a long way to go in terms of restoring its original grass-to-tree-and-bush ratio, the reintroduction of the tortoises is a promising step in the right direction.
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